Electronics Electrical

India's EV mission and the talent crisis Fig.1 source DH news                 E lectric vehicles are the talk of the town today. As we all know that Electric vehicles are eco-friendly and pollution-free. They are not only environmentally advantageous but also when it comes to the performance of the vehicles, IC engines can’t match the electric motors. Electric motors are efficient, easier to control, and best suited for traction applications.                                                     Electric vehicles are not a discovery of this century, It was discovered and was popular more than 100 years ago. In 1832 the first crude electric vehicle was developed. Because of the invention of an electric starter that eliminated the need for a hand crank, Henry ford’s Model T (IC engine ) was acclaimed over electric vehicles as it was very cheap.                                      But EVs are the current vogue and the government is also encouraging automotive industries to switch to a

 What is an ECG?                 ECG is an abbreviation for electrocardiography.  A heart's electrical activity can be known by the ECG test. A set of electrodes are used to capture the biopotentials and convert them into electrical signals. The ECG is basically a 2D plot of time v/s voltage.                                  The measured ECG signal that is the output voltage of the set of electrodes is in the range of 1mv to 5mv approx. This needs to be amplified using a high gain amplifier. The ECG signal also contains noises.  There are mainly 3 types of noise.  1. 50Hz noise due to the powerline. 2. High-frequency noise (Electromyogram -EMG noise). 3. Additive white gaussian noise. 4. Low-frequency noise (Baseline wandering). Noisy ECG signal with baseline wandering 1. Amplifier circuit design:                    A high gain instrumentation amplifier is the best to amplify the ECG signal. An instrumentational amplifier has got high gain and high CMRR(common-mode rejection ratio)

INCREASING TRANSFORMER CAPACITY When electric power is supplied to a locality, city or an area, transformers that are capable of handling the required power demand ,are installed. These power transformers are rated in MVAs or KVAs . The capacity for a given transformer, refers to how much electrical load can be put on this transformer . Say for a 230 / 12 volts transformer having 60 VA capacity ( Single phase) ,the maximum load can be 5 Amps on 12 V side. If the load is exceeded, the transformer will get overheated and may burn. Based upon the load requirement, appropriate transformer size is chosen for supplying electricity to a region. E.g.: A transformer rated 20 MVA can satisfy the electricity demand of an area with a load requirement of 20*0.8=16 MWatt. Where 0.8, is assumed to be the power factor. (Apparent power*power factor=Real power) Similarly, if XYZ society has a power demand of 30 MWatt, then a power transformer of capacity 30/0.8= 37.5~40 MVA needs to be installed. Ho